Rejuran in Korea: Complete Guide to Prices, Benefits & Results 2025

If you've been researching Korean skincare treatments, you've almost certainly encountered Rejuran (리쥬란)—the salmon DNA-based skin booster that's taken the aesthetic world by storm. This innovative treatment has become synonymous with Korean skincare excellence, offering genuine skin rejuvenation through biological regeneration rather than just superficial plumping.

With a remarkable 95%+ satisfaction rate and prices ranging from $95 to $245 per session, Rejuran represents one of Korea's most sought-after treatments for both locals and international medical tourists. But what exactly makes injecting salmon-derived polynucleotides into your skin so effective? And why has Seoul become the global epicenter for this treatment?

This comprehensive guide covers everything you need to know about Rejuran in Korea—from the science behind polynucleotide therapy to realistic timelines, pricing breakdowns, and the differences between Rejuran Healer, Rejuran I (eye treatment), and other variations.

What is Rejuran?

Rejuran is an injectable skin rejuvenation treatment that uses PN (Polynucleotide)—a substance extracted from salmon DNA—to stimulate your skin's natural healing and regeneration processes. Unlike dermal fillers that simply add volume, or Botox that relaxes muscles, Rejuran works at a cellular level to actually improve your skin's biological function and quality.

The Science Behind Salmon DNA

Why salmon DNA?

Salmon DNA is remarkably compatible with human DNA, sharing structural similarities that allow human cells to recognize and utilize it effectively. The polynucleotides extracted from salmon sperm (don't worry, it's highly purified!) provide building blocks that:

• Activate fibroblast cells (your collagen factories)
• Enhance cellular regeneration and repair
• Improve skin barrier function
• Increase moisture retention capacity
• Reduce inflammation and oxidative stress
• Stimulate natural collagen and elastin production

The extraction process:

Rejuran uses a patented DOT (Deoxyribonucleic Oligonucleotides Technology) process that:

1. Extracts DNA from salmon sperm
2. Fragments it into optimal-sized polynucleotides
3. Purifies to pharmaceutical-grade sterility
4. Creates a biocompatible, non-immunogenic solution

The result is a clear solution containing PN molecules that your skin cells readily absorb and utilize for regeneration.

How Rejuran Works

When Rejuran is injected into the dermis (middle skin layer):

Phase 1: Immediate (Days 1-7)

• PN molecules absorbed by skin cells
• Anti-inflammatory effects begin
• Moisture retention improves
• Skin plumping from injection volume

Phase 2: Activation (Weeks 1-4)

• Fibroblasts activated
• Collagen synthesis increases
• Cell turnover accelerates
• Skin repair mechanisms engage

Phase 3: Regeneration (Months 1-3)

• New collagen and elastin formation
• Improved skin architecture
• Enhanced elasticity and firmness
• Maximum visible improvements

Phase 4: Maintenance (Months 3-6)

• Continued collagen remodeling
• Sustained skin quality improvements
• Gradual plateau of effects

Types of Rejuran Treatments

Korean clinics offer several Rejuran variations, each formulated for specific concerns:

Rejuran Healer (Classic)

What it is:

• Original formulation
• 2ml syringe of PN solution
• Full-face treatment

Best for:

• Overall skin rejuvenation
• Fine lines and wrinkles
• Acne scars and texture issues
• Enlarged pores
• Dull, tired-looking skin
• General anti-aging

Injection technique:

• Multiple micro-injections across face
• Small papules (bumps) form temporarily
• 50-100+ injection points typically

Price range: ₩120,000 - ₩250,000 ($95 - $195)

Rejuran I (Eye Treatment)

What it is:

• Diluted formulation for delicate eye area
• 1ml syringe
• Specifically designed for thin periorbital skin

Best for:

• Under-eye fine lines
• Dark circles (mild improvement)
• Eye area skin quality
• Crow's feet
• Periorbital rejuvenation

Injection technique:

• Extremely fine injections around eyes
• Requires specialized technique
• Less painful than classic Healer

Price range: ₩150,000 - ₩320,000 ($115 - $245)

Rejuran HB (High Concentration)

What it is:

• Higher PN concentration than classic Healer
• Thicker, more viscous solution
• Longer-lasting effects

Best for:

• More significant skin concerns
• Deeper wrinkles
• Extensive photo-aging
• Patients wanting maximum results
• Longer intervals between treatments

Differences from classic:

• 2x PN concentration
• Slightly more painful injections
• Potentially better results
• Higher cost

Price range: ₩200,000 - ₩350,000 ($155 - $270)

Rejuran S (Scar Treatment)

What it is:

• Specialized formulation for scarring
• Targeted treatment approach
• Often combined with other scar treatments

Best for:

• Acne scars (ice-pick, rolling, boxcar)
• Surgical scars
• Injury scars
• Atrophic scars

Price range: ₩150,000 - ₩280,000 ($115 - $215)

Rejuran Tone-Up Booster

What it is:

• Newer variation combining PN with brightening agents
• Addresses both texture and pigmentation

Best for:

• Dull complexion
• Uneven skin tone
• Mild hyperpigmentation
• Overall radiance

Price range: ₩180,000 - ₩300,000 ($140 - $230)

Rejuran Prices in Korea 2025

Rejuran pricing varies based on formulation type, clinic location, and treatment area.

Average Pricing Overview

Overall market average: ₩165,575 ($127) Lowest found: ₩94,272 ($72) Highest found: ₩320,708 ($245)

Pricing by Rejuran Type

Rejuran Healer (2cc):

• Budget clinics: ₩100,000 - ₩150,000 ($75 - $115)
• Mid-range clinics: ₩150,000 - ₩200,000 ($115 - $155)
• Premium clinics: ₩200,000 - ₩250,000 ($155 - $195)

Rejuran I (Eye - 1cc):

• Budget range: ₩150,000 - ₩200,000 ($115 - $155)
• Mid-range: ₩200,000 - ₩280,000 ($155 - $215)
• Premium: ₩280,000 - ₩320,000 ($215 - $245)

Rejuran HB:

• Budget range: ₩200,000 - ₩250,000 ($155 - $195)
• Mid-range: ₩250,000 - ₩300,000 ($195 - $230)
• Premium: ₩300,000 - ₩350,000 ($230 - $270)

Seoul Regional Pricing

Gangnam/Apgujeong:

• Rejuran Healer: ₩180,000 - ₩250,000 ($140 - $195)
• Premium clinics, latest techniques
• English-speaking staff
• Medical tourism infrastructure

Myeongdong/Jung-gu:

• Rejuran Healer: ₩140,000 - ₩200,000 ($110 - $155)
• Tourist-friendly central location
• Competitive pricing
• Good English support

Hongdae/Sinchon:

• Rejuran Healer: ₩100,000 - ₩160,000 ($75 - $125)
• Budget-friendly options
• Younger clientele focus
• Quality care at lower prices

Specific clinic example:

• Nana Dermatology: ₩108,900 ($84) for Rejuran Healer 2cc/1 session

Package Deals

Most clinics recommend (and offer discounts for) multiple sessions:

3-session package:

• Rejuran Healer: ₩350,000 - ₩600,000 ($270 - $460)
• Savings: 15-25% vs. individual sessions

4-session package:

• Rejuran Healer: ₩450,000 - ₩750,000 ($345 - $575)
• Savings: 20-30% vs. individual sessions

Combination packages:

• Rejuran Healer + Rejuran I: ₩300,000 - ₩500,000 ($230 - $385)
• Full face plus eye treatment bundle

What Affects Rejuran Pricing?

Product authenticity:

• Genuine Rejuran from Pharma Research: Standard pricing
• Generic PN products: 30-50% cheaper but different quality
• Always verify authentic product

Injection technique:

• Standard technique: Lower end of price range
• Advanced layering or specific patterns: Premium pricing
• Combination with microneedling or other treatments: Additional cost

Clinic factors:

• Location (Gangnam premium)
• Doctor's reputation and experience
• Clinic facilities and amenities
• Included aftercare products

Prices as of November 2025. Always confirm current pricing during consultation.

Expected Results and Timeline

Patient Satisfaction Data

Based on real patient surveys in Korea:

When patients see results:

• 59% notice effects immediately after treatment
• 36% see improvements within one week
• 5% observe results within one month

Overall satisfaction:

• 95%+ satisfaction rate across major review platforms
• Average rating: 9.5/10
• Would recommend: 90%+ of patients

Realistic Timeline

Immediately After (Day 1):

• Skin appears plump and hydrated
• Injection bumps visible (normal, temporary)
• Mild swelling
• Redness at injection sites

Days 2-7:

• Injection bumps resolve
• Swelling subsides
• Skin feels softer
• Subtle glow appears

Weeks 2-4:

• This is when most people notice real improvement
• Skin texture becomes smoother
• Fine lines soften
• Pores appear smaller
• Overall skin quality improves
• Under-eye area looks fresher (for Rejuran I)

Months 1-3:

• Peak results period
• Maximum collagen production
• Significant improvement in:
  • Skin elasticity
  • Firmness
  • Texture and smoothness
  • Overall radiance
  • Scar appearance (if treating)

Months 3-6:

• Results plateau and stabilize
• Benefits gradually diminish
• Maintenance treatment recommended

Duration of Results

How long Rejuran lasts:

• Visible effects: 3-6 months typically
• Skin quality improvements: Up to 6-12 months
• Varies by individual: Age, lifestyle, skin condition

Factors affecting longevity:

• Age (younger skin responds better, lasts longer)
• Overall skin health
• Sun protection habits
• Skincare routine
• Lifestyle factors (smoking, alcohol, sleep)
• Number of sessions completed

The Treatment Process

Consultation (10-15 minutes)

What happens:

• Skin assessment and concern discussion
• Medical history review
• Treatment plan recommendation
• Product verification (authentic Rejuran)
• Price quote
• Before photos

Questions to ask:

• Is this authentic Rejuran or a generic PN product?
• Which Rejuran type do you recommend for my concerns?
• How many sessions will I need?
• What results should I realistically expect?
• What is your injection technique?

Treatment Session (20-40 minutes)

Step 1: Cleansing (5 minutes)

• Makeup removal
• Thorough facial cleansing
• Treatment area preparation

Step 2: Numbing (Optional, 15-20 minutes) Topical anesthetic cream application

• Some clinics include it in price
• Others charge extra (₩10,000-20,000)
• Significantly reduces discomfort
• Highly recommended for first-timers

Step 3: Marking (Optional) Some doctors mark injection points for systematic coverage.

Step 4: Rejuran Injection (10-20 minutes)

• Product verification shown to patient
• Systematic injection across treatment area
• Multiple micro-injections creating temporary papules (bumps)
• Typical injection points:
  • Full face: 50-100+ injections
  • Under eyes: 20-30 injections per eye
• Continuous communication about comfort level

Step 5: Post-Treatment Care

• Cooling mask or ice pack application
• Soothing serum application
• Post-care instructions
• After photos
• Next appointment scheduling

Pain Level

During treatment (with numbing):

• Pain level: 3-5/10 (mild to moderate)
• Described as: "Tiny pinpricks," "mosquito bites"
• Most tolerable around cheeks
• More sensitive: Forehead, around eyes, jawline

During treatment (without numbing):

• Pain level: 5-7/10 (moderate to moderately painful)
• Noticeably more uncomfortable
• Bearable but unpleasant

After treatment:

• Mild tenderness: 1-2/10
• Slight stinging for 1-2 hours
• Discomfort minimal, no pain medication needed

Comparison:

• Less painful than: Fraxel laser, deep microneedling
• Similar to: Mesotherapy, light dermal fillers
• More painful than: Botox (single injections vs. many)

Recovery and Aftercare

Immediate Post-Treatment (Hours 1-24)

What you'll experience:

• Papules (bumps): Tiny raised bumps at each injection site—completely normal!
• Redness: Moderate, resembles sunburn
• Swelling: Mild to moderate, especially around eyes
• Tenderness: Skin feels sensitive to touch

What to do:

• Apply ice packs intermittently (10 minutes on, 10 off)
• Avoid touching or rubbing face
• No makeup for 6-12 hours minimum
• Sleep with head elevated if swollen
• Drink plenty of water

Days 1-3: Papule Resolution

What you'll experience:

• Papules (bumps) gradually flatten
• Usually 80-90% resolved by day 2-3
• Residual redness fading
• Slight tightness

What to do:

• Gentle cleansing only
• Minimal skincare (gentle moisturizer, sunscreen)
• Can apply makeup after 24 hours
• Continue avoiding face massage
• No strenuous exercise for 2-3 days

Days 4-7: Full Recovery

What you'll experience:

• Papules completely resolved
• Skin appears normal
• Early improvements emerging
• Can resume all activities

Minimal Downtime

Social downtime:

• 1-2 days due to visible papules
• Can be covered partially with makeup after 24 hours
• Most people plan treatment for Thursday/Friday for weekend recovery

Work downtime:

• Most people return to work after 1-2 days
• If work-from-home, can work same day

Essential Aftercare Rules

First 24-48 hours:

• ❌ No makeup (wait at least 6-12 hours)
• ❌ No touching, rubbing, or massaging face
• ❌ No vigorous exercise
• ❌ No sauna, steam room, or hot baths
• ❌ No alcohol consumption
• ❌ No direct sun exposure
• ✓ Use gentle, minimal skincare
• ✓ Apply sunscreen if going outside

First 1-2 weeks:

• ❌ No facial massages or aggressive facial treatments
• ❌ No laser treatments or chemical peels
• ❌ No swimming pools (chlorine risk)
• ❌ Avoid excessive sun exposure
• ✓ Use gentle, hydrating skincare
• ✓ Wear SPF 30+ daily
• ✓ Stay well-hydrated

Ongoing (for best results):

• ✓ Maintain consistent skincare routine
• ✓ Sun protection daily
• ✓ Healthy lifestyle (sleep, hydration, nutrition)
• ✓ Follow recommended treatment schedule

Potential Side Effects and Risks

Common (Expected)

• Papules (bumps): 100% of patients, resolves in 1-3 days
• Redness: Moderate, fades within hours to days
• Swelling: Mild to moderate, especially eyes, subsides in 2-5 days
• Tenderness: Minor, 1-3 days
• Bruising: 10-20% of patients, resolves in 5-7 days

Occasional

• Prolonged swelling: 5-7 days (rare but possible)
• Itching: As skin heals and regenerates
• Tiny bumps persisting: Up to 1 week in some patients
• Asymmetric swelling: Usually evens out within days

Rare but Possible

• Infection: Very rare with proper sterile technique (<1%)
• Allergic reaction: Extremely rare (PN is biocompatible)
• Granuloma formation: Rare inflammatory nodules
• Vascular occlusion: Extremely rare with proper technique
• No results: Some patients are non-responders (5-10%)

Minimizing Risks

Choose reputable clinics:

• Verify authentic Rejuran product
• Check practitioner credentials
• Read reviews from multiple sources

Disclose medical history:

• Allergies (though PN allergies are rare)
• Autoimmune conditions
• Blood clotting disorders
• Current medications

Follow aftercare religiously:

• Most complications arise from poor aftercare
• Infection risk increased by touching dirty hands to face

Who Should Try Rejuran?

Ideal Candidates

Best results for:

• Age 25-55: Optimal response range
• Early to moderate aging signs: Prevention and mild correction
• Skin quality concerns: Texture, tone, radiance issues
• Acne scar improvement: Mild to moderate scarring
• Large pores: Refinement and tightening
• Dull, tired-looking skin: Rejuvenation seekers
• Sensitive skin: Well-tolerated by most skin types

Specific concerns that respond well:

• Fine lines and wrinkles
• Loss of elasticity
• Rough or uneven texture
• Enlarged pores
• Acne scars and skin irregularities
• Thin or crepey skin
• Under-eye aging (with Rejuran I)
• Overall skin quality decline

Who Should Skip or Delay Rejuran

Not recommended for:

• Pregnant or breastfeeding: No safety data, postpone
• Active skin infections: Wait until healed
• Severe acne breakouts: Treat acne first
• Keloid tendency: Risk of abnormal healing
• Recent facial surgery: Wait 3-6 months
• Recent laser treatments: Wait 2-4 weeks
• Allergies to fish products: Theoretical concern (rare)

Consider alternatives if:

• Expecting immediate dramatic lifting (try fillers or threads)
• Wanting volume restoration (try dermal fillers)
• Needing muscle relaxation (try Botox)
• Severe skin laxity (try HIFU or threads)

Treatment Schedule and Frequency

Initial Treatment Series

Standard protocol:

• Session 1: Initial treatment
• Session 2: 2-4 weeks after session 1
• Session 3: 2-4 weeks after session 2
• Session 4 (optional): 2-4 weeks after session 3

Why multiple sessions?

• Cumulative collagen stimulation
• Progressive improvement
• Better, longer-lasting results
• Maximum skin transformation

Recommended series:

• Minimum: 3 sessions for noticeable results
• Optimal: 4 sessions for maximum benefit
• Maintenance: 1-2 sessions every 6 months

Maintenance Schedule

After completing initial series:

High-maintenance approach:

• Every 3-4 months
• Maximum sustained results
• Best for aggressive anti-aging

Moderate maintenance:

• Every 4-6 months
• Balance of results and cost
• Most common schedule

Light maintenance:

• Every 6-12 months
• Touch-ups as needed
• Budget-conscious approach

Factors Affecting Frequency

Need more frequent treatments:

• Older age (slower natural regeneration)
• Severe sun damage
• Smoking or poor lifestyle habits
• Significant skin concerns

Can extend intervals:

• Younger age (better baseline regeneration)
• Excellent skincare routine
• Healthy lifestyle
• Good sun protection

Rejuran vs. Other Skin Boosters

Rejuran vs. Hyaluronic Acid Skin Boosters (Profhilo, Juvederm Volite)

Rejuran vs. PRP (Platelet-Rich Plasma)

Rejuran vs. Exosomes

Best Seoul Areas for Rejuran

Gangnam District

Why choose Gangnam:

• Highest concentration of Rejuran specialists
• Access to all Rejuran variations
• English-speaking international departments
• Premium clinic experience

Average Rejuran Healer price: ₩180,000 - ₩250,000 ($140 - $195)

Notable clinics:

• Celebrity-frequented dermatology clinics
• Medical tourism hubs with package deals

Apgujeong (Rodeo Street)

Why choose Apgujeong:

• Luxury aesthetic clinic concentration
• Experienced injectors
• High-end service standards
• Slightly lower than Gangnam

Average Rejuran Healer price: ₩160,000 - ₩220,000 ($125 - $170)

Myeongdong

Why choose Myeongdong:

• Central, accessible location
• Tourist infrastructure
• Competitive pricing
• Many clinics with English support

Average Rejuran Healer price: ₩140,000 - ₩200,000 ($110 - $155)

Specific example: Nana Dermatology and other tourist-friendly clinics offer transparent pricing and English consultations.

Hongdae/Sinchon

Why choose Hongdae:

• Budget-friendly without sacrificing quality
• Younger, trendy clinic vibe
• Best value pricing
• Less intimidating atmosphere

Average Rejuran Healer price: ₩100,000 - ₩160,000 ($75 - $125)

Combining Rejuran with Other Treatments

Korean clinics excel at strategic combination protocols:

Same-Session Combinations

Rejuran + Botox:

• Rejuran improves skin quality
• Botox addresses dynamic wrinkles
• Comprehensive anti-aging approach
• Combined cost: ₩300,000 - ₩500,000 ($230 - $385)

Rejuran + Dermal Fillers:

• Rejuran for skin quality
• Fillers for volume restoration
• Natural, youthful result
• Usually done in separate sessions (2-4 weeks apart)

Rejuran + Laser Toning:

• Rejuran for regeneration
• Laser for pigmentation
• Complete skin transformation
• Can be done same day or sequentially

Sequential Treatments (2-4 Weeks Apart)

Before Rejuran:

• Chemical peel or microneedling: Prep skin for better absorption
• Laser treatments: Address specific concerns first

After Rejuran:

• HIFU/Shurink: Add lifting after skin quality improves
• Thread lift: Structural lift after tissue strengthening
• More aggressive lasers: Once regeneration is underway

Popular Korean Protocol

Comprehensive Skin Rejuvenation Package:

1. Month 0: Rejuran Healer session 1
2. Month 1: Rejuran Healer session 2 + Botox
3. Month 2: Rejuran Healer session 3 + Laser Toning
4. Month 3: Assessment and filler if needed
5. Month 6: Rejuran maintenance + touch-ups

Package pricing: ₩800,000 - ₩1,500,000 ($615 - $1,155)

FAQ

Q: Does Rejuran hurt? A: With numbing cream, pain is moderate (3-5/10)—uncomfortable but tolerable. Without numbing, it's more painful (5-7/10). The multiple injection points make it less comfortable than single-shot treatments like fillers.

Q: How long do Rejuran results last? A: Visible improvements typically last 3-6 months, with skin quality benefits extending 6-12 months. Regular maintenance every 4-6 months sustains results.

Q: How many Rejuran sessions do I need? A: Minimum 3 sessions for noticeable results, with optimal outcomes from 4 sessions. Sessions are spaced 2-4 weeks apart, followed by maintenance treatments.

Q: What's the difference between Rejuran Healer and Rejuran I? A: Rejuran Healer (2ml) is for full-face treatment with standard PN concentration. Rejuran I (1ml) is a diluted formulation specifically for the delicate under-eye area.

Q: Can I wear makeup after Rejuran? A: Wait at least 6-12 hours, preferably 24 hours. The injection papules (bumps) make makeup application difficult initially anyway.

Q: Is Rejuran safe? A: Yes, extensively tested and used for over a decade in Korea. Salmon-derived PN is highly biocompatible with very low allergy risk. Choose authentic Rejuran products at reputable clinics.

Q: Will the bumps after treatment go away? A: Yes! The papules (tiny bumps at injection sites) are completely normal and resolve within 1-3 days for most people. This is expected and not a complication.

Q: Can I combine Rejuran with Botox or fillers? A: Yes, but timing matters. Rejuran can be done same day as Botox. For fillers, most doctors recommend spacing treatments 2-4 weeks apart to avoid product displacement.

Q: Is Rejuran better than PRP? A: Different mechanisms, both effective. Rejuran offers standardized, consistent formulation while PRP quality varies. For general skin rejuvenation, Rejuran is often preferred and more affordable in Korea.

Q: Can Rejuran remove deep acne scars? A: It improves mild to moderate scars but won't completely remove deep ice-pick or boxcar scars. Often combined with subcision, TCA cross, or laser treatments for comprehensive scar management.

Conclusion

Rejuran represents one of Korea's most innovative and effective skincare treatments, offering genuine cellular-level skin rejuvenation through salmon-derived polynucleotides. With a remarkable 95%+ satisfaction rate and proven results backed by extensive clinical use, it's no wonder Rejuran has become a cornerstone of Korean aesthetic medicine.

At prices ranging from $95 to $245 per session—significantly lower than Western countries—Korea offers exceptional value for this cutting-edge treatment. Combined with Seoul's concentration of experienced injectors and access to authentic products, international medical tourists can access the same treatments beloved by Korean skincare enthusiasts.

Key takeaways:

• ✓ Genuine skin regeneration through biological PN stimulation
• ✓ High satisfaction rate (95%+ patients satisfied)
• ✓ Visible results starting at 2 weeks, peaking at 2-3 months
• ✓ Multiple variations for different concerns (Healer, I, HB, S)
• ✓ Minimal downtime (1-3 days for papules to resolve)
• ✓ Safe and biocompatible with extensive clinical history
• ✓ Affordable in Korea (40-60% less than US/Europe)
• ✓ Best for skin quality improvement, not volume or lifting

Rejuran works best as part of a comprehensive skincare strategy, often combined with complementary treatments like Botox, lasers, or HIFU. While it won't replace fillers for volume loss or provide immediate dramatic lifting, for patients seeking real improvement in skin quality, texture, and overall radiance, Rejuran delivers remarkable, natural-looking results.

Ready to experience Rejuran in Korea? Schedule consultations at multiple clinics to verify product authenticity, compare injection techniques, and discuss realistic expectations. Most reputable clinics will show you the sealed Rejuran product before opening it for your treatment. Choose a practitioner with extensive Rejuran experience who takes time to explain the treatment protocol and expected outcomes—successful results depend on proper product selection, injection technique, and adherence to the recommended treatment schedule.

⚠️ Medical Disclaimer: This article provides general information about Rejuran treatments. It is not intended as medical advice. Rejuran involves multiple injections of polynucleotide solution and carries risks including infection, allergic reaction (rare), granuloma formation, and treatment failure. Always consult with a board-certified dermatologist or qualified healthcare professional before undergoing any injectable treatment. Discuss your complete medical history, allergies, current medications, and aesthetic goals during consultation to determine if Rejuran is appropriate for you. Ensure the clinic uses authentic Rejuran products from Pharma Research Co., as counterfeit or generic alternatives may not deliver the same results or safety profile. Results vary by individual based on age, skin condition, lifestyle factors, and adherence to treatment protocols.

Last Updated: November 6, 2025 Reading Time: 16 minutes